Summary (History of the Vogan chiefdom, from Assigblé Adra (1890) to Jacob Kalipé (1982))
Azontowou Senou§
Summary: At the start of German colonization in 1890, the Vogan chiefdom was headed by Assigblé Adra. He appointed notables in each district of his jurisdiction, including Paul Kalipé, who eventually became the chief invested by the Germans in 1898. He died on June 5, 1951, after a 53-year reign. His succession posed a real problem for his sons. The French administration got involved, seeking to impose the candidate of its choice, in the person of Jacob Akpasso Kalipé, the late chief's youngest son and a militant of the Parti togolais du progrès. It refused to ratify the nomination of Ferdinand Kalipé, the eldest son and supporter of the Togolese Unity Committee. The population, especially the youth, who overwhelmingly supported the rejected candidate, opposed the choice of the family council influenced by colonial power. There were violent clashes between the two camps, resulting in deaths, injuries and arrests.
Keywords: chiefdom, Vogan, colonial administration, conflicts, consequences.
Abstract: At the beginning of German colonization, the chieftaincy of Vogan was assured by Assigblé Adra. The latter appointed notables in each district under his jurisdiction, including Paul Kalipé. Kalipé eventually became the chief and was invested by Germans in 1898. He died on June 5, 1951 after leading his community for 53 years.His succession caused a real problem among his sons. The French colonizers got involved, seeking to impose a contender of their choice. The eldest son of the deceased chief, Ferdinand Kalipé, was an advocate of the Comité de l'unité togolaise (a political party that advocated immediate independence for Togo). The French rejected him and chose Jacob Akpasso Kalipé, the youngest son of Paul Kalipé and a staunch supporter of the pro-French Parti Togolais pour le Progrès (PTP). The population, especially the youth, who massively supported Ferdinand's candidacy, opposed the French choice. There were violent clashes between the two camps, with deaths, injuries and arrests.
Keywords: chieftaincy, Vogan, settlers, conflicts, damage.
Introduction
Chieftaincy as we understand it during colonization, with all its attendant difficulties, was not the case during the pre-colonial period, when the chief (agnigbafio) was chosen from among the male descendants of the first occupant of the land and did not leave his chamber, hence the name Homefio (king or chamber head). This changed during the colonial period: the chief is not necessarily descended from the first occupant of the land, but is chosen from among those who are fully committed to the colonizer's cause. This is the case in the Vogan chiefdom, where Assigblé Adra was the first chief to be enthroned in the 1890s. If the German colonial administration didn't consider him a valuable auxiliary, he had to be accused of rabies before he could be put down. Thus, he was dethroned in favor of Paul Kalipé. After the latter's death, his succession was not easy. The political game thus entered into the chieftaincy affair. The eldest, Ferdinand Nouwomkpo Kodjo Kalipé, an agent of the United African Company (UAC), whose general resident is Sylvanus Olympio and a member of the Comité de l'Unité Togolaise (CUT), is supported by this political party. His younger half-brother, Jacob Akpasso Kalipé, of the Parti togolais du progrès (PTP), was supported by France. Under French colonial administration, Jacob Kalipé was able to succeed their father, Paul Kalipé, and became chief of Vogan, under the name Jacob Akpasso Kalipé II. This is what we will study in the History of the Vogan chiefdom, from Assigblé Adra (1890) to Jacob Kalipé (1982).
To arrive at our results, we drew on oral sources, written sources and archival documents, whose analysis enabled us to draw up a two-part plan: The chieftainship of Vogan from Assigblé Adra to Paul Kalipé, and the succession of Paul Kalipé and its consequences for Vogan and the surrounding area.
1. The Vogan chiefdom: from Assigblé Adra (1890) to Paul Kalipé (1898)
With the arrival of the German colonizers, traditional authorities were needed to convey their ideals, to the detriment of the land kings who never left their chambers. In Vogan, the choice was initially made for Assigblé Adra. But who is this character?
1.1 Who is Assigblè Adra?
At the start of German colonization, in the 1880s, the Germans began to intervene in chieftaincy affairs in the southern part of the country by setting up their auxiliaries. This was the case of the Kouvé chiefdom in 1885, and Togoville in 1890, where Plakou was imposed as chief (Sossou, 2001, p. 351). In the same order, the people of Vogan also enthroned Assigblé Adra as chief in 1890. In each district, he chose his collaborators or notables, including De Saba Kalipé Aziafon, later christened Paul. According to Kalipé Kowou, the population challenged Assigblé Adra's power shortly afterwards for the simple reason that he held them at arm's length (this was brought to the attention of the German authorities). For others, this chief was not very enthusiastic about the cause of the German colonists, which is why he was dismissed, and the Germans instructed the notables to make another choice and bring it to their attention. Kalipé was chosen and invested by the Germans in 1898. We have not had access to the deed and especially the German archives. After this briefing on Assigblé Adra, this fallen chief, who is Paul Kalipé?
1.2. Paul Kalipe: the man and his works
1.2.1. The man
Paul Kalipé acceded to the throne in 1898 and turned Vogan into a large conurbation. Originally from Fina-Monou, a small village seven kilometers from Vogan that later became Gaohonou (House of Kings), Paul Kalipé lived through German colonization, an English interlude and French colonization until his death on June 5, 1951, after 53 years of reign.
Not content with just his throne, he also developed agriculture and, above all, horticulture, which earned him numerous honors, including the Prince of Mecklenburg's Horticultural Exhibition honorary prize and the Chevalier du Mérite agricole medal, organized by the Germans in Lomé before the war.[1]. Paul Kalipé is Catholic. He was awarded the knighthood of the Etoile noire du Bénin (Martet 74).
Photo 1: Paul Kalipé, traditional chief of Vogan
Source: Kalipé family private archives[2]
1.2.2. His works
Paul Kalipé made Vogan an important locality in Ouatchi country, renowned for its weekly market held on Fridays and frequented by numerous vendors in search of certain local products, such as palm oil, red beans and above all gari ( Le Bris, 1984). Kalipé's greatest achievement is the 2 km canal he had dug in 1927 on the instructions of the French administrator, linking Vogan to the lagoon, so that pirogues from the lagoon could reach Vogan. In that year of 1927, Governor de Guise visited him and complimented him with the words, "You have done something there that many kings have not done."[3]The Kalipé chief has a treasure that he only shows to distinguished visitors like De Guise. His eyes are full of self-respect and admiration. Chief Paul Kalipé is very proud of his diplomas and medals too (Chroniques anciennes du Togo, No 5, 74).
Let's just say that the traditional chiefs, who were in fact the colon's auxiliaries, had very little room for manoeuvre in the management of their communities. They were obliged to report on the people's actions to the circle administrator. The slightest incident could hardly escape the latter's control. Thus, in Vogan on April 3, 1939, Chief Paul Kalipé, in a note addressed to the district chief (Cf. appendix n°1), requested authorization for the transfer of Ségbon, Aménou and Kagbé, who had been fighting among themselves the previous day. The fact that he led the largest population in the cercle of Aného in 1947 (46,000 hbts[4]), he is described as a good leader in the mission report of the Inspector of Administrative Affairs to Commissaire Bourgine[5].
Photo 2: Paul Kalipé and the Aného Circle Commander
Source: Kalipé family private archives[6]
2. Paul Kalipé's succession and its impact on Vogan and the surrounding area
On June 5, 1951, the canton of Vogan lost its chief, Paul Kalipé. After the old chief's death, the succession to the throne pitted his two sons against each other: the eldest, Ferdinand Nouwomkpo, and the youngest, Jacob Akpasso.
2.1 Paul Kalipé's succession to the throne
It should be noted that KalipéI was a great supporter of the Comité de l'unité togolaise (CUT), an association created by Governor Montagné in 1941 to support France in distress during the Second World War, as was his eldest son Ferdinand, heir presumptive to the throne. In 1946, when the CUT was transformed into a political party, championed by Sylvanus Olympio, Paul Kalipé observed strict neutrality and withdrew from all political parties.[7]. On the other hand, his eldest son Ferdinand continued to be the great defender of this nationalist party.
On the other hand, the late chief's youngest son, Jacob Akpasso, is the leader of the Parti togolais du progrès (PTP) in Vogan. This pro-French party is fighting alongside the French for gradual independence, rather than the immediate independence claimed by members of the CUT. The latter, benefiting from French support, wanted to accede to the throne, thus causing a rift in the royal clan between supporters of the CUT and those of the PTP.
The youngest son, a member of the PTP, had the upper hand and succeeded his father as Kalipé II.
Photo 3: Jacob Akpasso or Togbui Kalipé II
Sources: Kalipé family private archives[8]
This succession is taking place in a poisonous climate.
In fact, there are two opposing versions of the way in which power is devolved: one is that succession is patrilineal, with the principle of primogeniture; while the other, explaining that there are in fact no precise rules, is that freedom of choice is left to the chief, who designates his successor from among his children during his lifetime.
In either case, the successor must not be incapacitated in any way (physical or moral), and must be appointed by consensus of the family council. The problem was therefore of such concern that the local French administrative authorities called a meeting of the Ouatchi chiefs to give their opinion on the matter. This was done on September1, 1951, in the Aného cercle offices, in the presence of cercle commandant A. André. The decision was as follows:
Ouatchi custom provides for the immediate appointment of a successor in the event of the chief's death. If the chief, during his lifetime, has designated a successor, it is this successor who is appointed, as the deceased chief seeks the opinion of the family council before making this designation. If the deceased chief has not designated anyone to succeed him, the appointment is made by the family council, which chooses the son or, failing that, a family member (Kponton 183).
This unanimous opinion was delivered by Ouatchi chiefs, the majority of whom are of the PTP persuasion, including Michel Ayassou from Kouvé, Jean Sepenou from Akoumapé, Noudoukou from Dagbati, Capitaine Koffi from Tchekpo, Akakpo Akoeté from Vokoutimé, Messanvi Agbezouhlon from Attitogon, Amoussou Assignon from Ahépé and Akakpo Kou from Amégnran. On the other hand, other Ouatchi chiefs, such as Francis Chardey from Afagnan, Kuégan Tognon from Agomé-Glozou, Viagbo from Tabligbo, did not attend this meeting for reasons that remain unclear (Kponton 185).The opposition of the Vogan population to Jacob Kalipé's accession to the throne provoked disturbances, the most serious of which occurred on Thursday August 23, 1951.
2.2. The refusal of an imposed leader
On this day, Thursday August 23, 1951, Jacob Kalipé is to administer justice for the first time as the new chief of Vogan. The people of Vogan are opposed to the session for the following reasons:
- If, at one point in his life, Paul Kalipé considered making his son Jacob his successor, he publicly reversed his decision because of the latter's behavior, and in fact sent a letter to the French authorities to this effect;
- For Jacob Akpasso Kalipé's opponents, this collaboration between son and father was the result of a deception on the part of the son, who in 1938 falsely translated the words of an administrator, implying to old Chief Paul that France wanted Jacob, the son, to manage the town of Vogan, while the father ran the canton.
This court session, presided over by Jacob Kalipé, was not unanimously supported by the population, whose opposition was brought to the attention of the new chief. This opposition was brought to the attention of the new chief, who informed the Cercle commander, who played down the affair.
On August 23, anger was rising. The population, or at least a large part of it, did not want Jacob Kalipé to preside over the customary court set up to hear several cases. Very early in the morning, demonstrators took to the streets, chanting slogans hostile to the chief: "Jacob will not preside over his court: there is no longer a chief". (Kponton 185).
According to Kokoe Koffi[9]Jacob Kalipé was forced to leave the courthouse and take refuge at home, where he was protected by his family. The administrative authority he appealed to sent 10 circle guards from Anfoin, a village halfway between Vogan and Aného, under the orders of a senior officer, to try to restore the situation.
However, far from calming down, the revolt continues to rumble. The tom-tom of war resounds through the town. The bells of the Catholic mission ring out. In addition, since the beginning of the day, it has been reported that the telephone lines linking Vogan to Aného have been cut.
Very soon, demonstrators and the forces of law and order dispatched to the neighborhoods came face to face, resulting in altercations. During one of them, not far from Ferdinand Kalipé's store, a circle guard named Tchinda Elda was attacked by the demonstrators, who knocked him down and snatched his rifle and bayonet. Brigade Chief Jolly, head of the Aného gendarmerie post, organized the withdrawal of his forces to the administrative post.
Faced with ever-increasing pressure from the demonstrators, estimated at between 300 and 500 people, a further request for reinforcements was made to the Aného cercle commander, who complied at around 11am. This brought the number of guards to 25, supervised by the deputy circle commander and a French gendarme.
At 11:30 a.m., 13 circle guards support their colleagues. Administrator André, commander of the Aného circle, then arrives in Vogan.
12 p.m.: Circle Commander André leaves for Aného with Brigade Chief Jolly, only to return at 5.30 p.m., well after the riot had ended.
Gendarme Flouzat was put in charge of operations, with the task of containing the demonstrators and protecting the administrative infrastructure (buildings and vehicles).
12:30 pm: Events are gathering pace. The crowd marches on the administrative square. Among the insurgents are many women and residents of the Bamè district, including young Amouzou Magnigbo. Armed with machetes, clubs and firearms (milking rifles) for the men, and bottles full of a cocktail of water and chilli pepper for the women, the demonstrators take to the streets.
Several attempts were made to reach the administrative area. It was during one of these that Ben Agboto, known as Tomgbla, was arrested. The crowd went wild to rescue him.
1pm: the police, feeling cornered, use their weapons (rifles and grenades), on the orders of gendarme Flouzat, in the presence of the deputy commander of the Aného circle, Mr. Richard.
On command, the shot went off, very briefly. It lasted only a few minutes... ''
... Six individuals were fatally wounded
... A wounded man left on the esplanade died shortly afterwards, bringing the death toll to seven, including two women (Kponton 186).
This is the official balance sheet for August 23, 1951 in Vogan. It seems that neither the number of dead nor the number of wounded could be accurately counted.
Governor Digo himself admitted, in his report on the Vogan incidents requested by the Minister of Colonies, Mr. Pignon: "It is difficult to assess the number of casualties".
Indeed, for fear of reprisals, not all the wounded turn up at a medical facility. Official estimates of 10 to 14 casualties may therefore be revised upwards. The same applies to the number of dead. On the one hand, it is acknowledged in Vogan that many of the wounded preferred to be treated at home, in order to avoid any investigation by the administrative authorities, and that, due to the seriousness of their injuries, some died at home, without being declared. So what are the consequences of these events in Vogan?
2.3. The consequences of the events of August 23, 1951 in Vogan and the surrounding area
In addition to the deaths and injuries, the Vogan incidents have resulted in the arrest and imprisonment of a number of people.
2.3.1. Arrests and the Lomé trial
A witch-hunt was launched following the events of August 23. On the 24th, Governor Digo reported some twenty arrests during his visit to Vogan that same day. Members of the CUT, considered by the French administration to be responsible for the political unrest that led to the events in Vogan, were actively sought.
The arrests were spread over three years: 1951, 1952 and 1953. They went beyond the limits of the Vogan canton, and culminated in the assize court trial in Lomé in October 1953.
Some sixty defendants, generally in their thirties and forties, are due to appear before the court. However, some of the defendants are over 60 years old. Amouzou Zebada, one of Vogan's main defendants, is over 70.
At the opening of the trial, of the 60 people :
-34 are held ;
-19, arrested in 1951, were granted provisional release in 1952;
-The 7 fugitives have been wanted since 1951 or 1952, when arrest warrants were issued;
The defendants are appearing on various charges:
- participation in meetings at which the rebellion was either decided or organized;
- instigation and/or participation in the revolt ;
- participation in marches preceding the events of August 23;
- insulting or provocative remarks about the French colonial authority;
- carrying bladed or blunt weapons (machetes, clubs) or firearms (milking guns) ;
- supposed willingness to join the ranks of the rebellion;
- insults to police during incidents ;
- occult practices...(Kponton 187-188)
Moreover, membership of the CUT appears to be an aggravating factor. Among the defendants are Ferdinand Kalipé, Augustin Tossou Agboh, Emmanuel Koumaglo, Amouzou Zebada, Messan Alfred Zidol, Kpodonou Zidol, Kponton Emmanuel, Ben Agboto dit Tomgbla, and others.
In addition to the testimonies of colonial officials such as Paul Jolly, head of the Aného gendarmerie post, the authorities had recourse to several prosecution witnesses in Vogan. These included Jacob Kalipé himself, Albert Kalipé (his secretary), Anani Alognon, Mamavi Ayissou, Emile de Saba, Kpeto de Saba, Aziagble Kpongbaya and others.
Although none of the defendants had a criminal record, the eventful Lomé assizes resulted in several prison sentences, which were served in Lomé, Kpalimé and Mango. However, even after their release a few years later, they were kept under surveillance. The report sent on May 2, 1956 to Chief Collin, Commander of the Gendarmerie Brigade, bears witness to this (Cf. appendix n°2).
Photo 4: Vogan political prisoners
Sources: Kalipé family private archives[10]
2.3.2 The positive impact of Jacob Kalipé's reign
The early days of Jacob Kalipé's reign were tumultuous. In 1956, Chief Kalipé II, together with the Governor and his peers from the Ouatchi region, set up a complementary course to train the first executives (Cf. appendix n°3).
Jacob Kalipé was part of the negotiations with the Togolese mining company of Benin (CTMB) in 1962, and certain benefits accrued to his subjects in terms of recruitment and the setting up of certain school and health infrastructures in the major towns of Vogan, including Akoumapé, Hahotoe and Amégnrakondji. He also had wells dug in many parts of his community. He was long at the head of the Vogan chiefdom: 1951-1982, a 31-year reign. He was one of the great collaborators of President Eyadéma, who came to spend a few weekends with him.[11].
Conclusion
The ancestors had pre-established chieftaincy rules for the first occupants of the land. With the arrival of the colonizer, in this case the Germans, this rule was flouted, and chieftaincy was given instead to those most sympathetic to the imperialist's cause. This was confirmed during the French era in Vogan, where after the death of Paul Kalipé, his eldest son Ferdinand, who was to succeed him, lost the throne to his half-brother Jacob, because of his membership of the CUT, a nationalist party. He even ended up in prison.
It has to be said that the political game is still very poorly understood in Ouatchi country. Belonging to different political parties is normally an asset for members of the same family, but sometimes the opposite is true. A case in point is Vogan, where the princes became rivals because they belonged to different political parties. The consequences of this can serve as an example for traditional chieftaincy in Togo in general, and in the Ouatchi milieu in particular. Chiefs may have their own political leanings, but expressing them publicly always leads to excesses. We suggest that the chief, guarantor of customs and traditions, should be above the fray and not interfere in any political party. Then his community will be preserved forever.
The appendices
Appendix 1
Paul Kalipé Vogan, April 3, 1939
Head of the Canton of Vogan
Monsieur l'Administrateur des Colonies Commandant
The Anecho Circle
Mr.
I'll have my Police Djama escort Ségbon, Aménou, Kagbé, etc., who fought last Saturday, to my village.
I would ask you to punish very severely young Ségbon, an infinite thief, who three years ago collected other people's tax plates to go and sell them.
On the other hand, when I myself was running the village, punishing people like that and fining them heavily, such things never happened.
I beg you, Mr. Administrator, to let me off the hook a little so that I can get on with my work as I used to, and then people will be a little calmer. Yours sincerely
Yours faithfully
Appendix 2:
CHEMANT DE L'A. O. F. ANECHO, May 2, 1956
AND TOGO REPORT
TERRITOIRE DU TOGO du Maréchal-des-logis Chef COLLIN
SECTION DE LOME Gendarmerie Brigade Commander
ANECHO BRIGADE on the actions of the Vogan rioters,
No. 8/4 recently amnestied
REFERENCE: Art.21 of the detachment's internal service and 22 et seq. of the TOGO Gendarmerie service.
In recent days, according to information gathered from various reliable sources, the recently amnestied Vogan rioters have been holding small private meetings either at their homes or at the homes of C.U.T. leaders.
Liberated leaders such as Ferdinand KALIPE and Emmaunuel KPONTO, known as COCO, have begun scouring the villages of Badougbé, Togoville, etc., with their nefarious propaganda.
Other rioters, who had fled immediately after the incident and were therefore not brought to trial, arrived in Vogan victorious. On Sunday April 23, some of them, accompanied by members of their families, appeared in front of the home of the Chief of the Village Jacob KALIPE, where, carried in triumph by their supporters, they openly mocked the Chief, proclaiming their strength.
On Monday April 30, the main ringleader, ABEN AGBOTO, who had been on the run at the behest of the village chief, was arrested by the brigade's soldiers under an arrest warrant issued by the LOME examining magistrate.
Given the current state of affairs, and in order to limit any harmful propaganda from these troublemakers, frequent patrols will be carried out, mainly in the villages of Vogan, Togoville and Badougbé, depending on the brigade's capabilities.
The conditions under which the Vogan rioters were granted amnesty (whether they were tried or not) were unknown to the Commandant and the Brigade Commander.
Appendix 3 Vogan, May 23, 1956
We, the undersigned
1 Noudoukou Djokoto, Traditional Chief of Dagbati, Chevalier de Légion d'Honneur
2 Akakpo Akoété Traditional chief Vokoutimé, Croix de guerre, Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur,
3 Logossou Gati Traditional chief of Klologo,
4 Dénis Allognon Traditional chief of Kponou, Chevalier de l'Etoile du Bénin
5 Felix Misso Tokpli traditional chef
6 Akakpo Abah Messan Traditional chief of Vo Afowuimé, Chevalier de l'Etoile du Bénin
7 Agbonou Traditional chief of Vo Assoh
8 Abraham Assagbavi Traditional chief of Vo Adabou
9 Tengueh Sogbo Traditional chief of Sévagan
10 Michel Agbossoumondé Traditional chief of Akoumapé Assiko
11 Jean Adandohoin Traditional chief Traditional chief of Akoumapé Doulassamé
12 Félicien Afidégno Traditional chief of Akoumapé Atchanvé
13 Anani Kpokassou Traditional chief of Hahotoè
14 Kahoho Ayao Animabio traditional chef
15 Attisso Komlan Traditional chief of Kovéto
16 Akakpo Avoudjisso Regent of Wogba
17 Houkpati Guénoukpati Traditional chief of Vo Momé
To the Governor,
Commissioner of the Republic in Togo
Under Cover of Monsieur l'Administrateur en Chef de la F.O.M. Commandant le Cercle d'Anécho
Governor,
We have the honour of informing you of the following:
We, the interpreters of the populations we represent, have come on their behalf and on our own to express our gratitude for all the good things you have done for the Ouatchi people during your two stays with us in the Cercle d'Aného.
In other words, we can't tell you how grateful we are for the construction of a complementary course in the Anecho Circle, whose final location has been planned for Vogan.
Mr. Governor, please allow us to tell you that it was a great shame for us, on May 18 1956, to inform our people of the extension of the date for the laying of the foundation stone of the Cours Complémentaire that you had so valiantly promised yourself.
We didn't get out of this predicament until Chief KALIPE II returned from Lomé, where he showed us that in his discussions with the Governor, he was short of funds to get the work underway.
However, always counting on the generosity of the fraternal kindness that you have always had to satisfy us in the Cercle d'Anécho, and in particular we the Ouatchi people, we come very seriously and with great joy to submit to you our point of view which is as follows:
In addition to the land and bricks provided by Chief Kalipé II, the above-mentioned, including him, are promising to provide one million (1,000,000) francs, of which this is half, and the remainder will be sent to you as soon as the work begins, which we are impatiently awaiting.
Governor,
We continue to appeal to your generosity in making it easier for our children to attend school in the Cercle.
We're very happy to entrust you with this task, because it involves the building of the Cours Complémentaire in the Cercle, the building proposed for Vogan, which brings us to the idea of the birth of our Saviour Jesus Christ in a sheepfold.
The Ouatchi people are already proud of the light that has come to them through your charitable benevolence.
With the fervent hope that a satisfactory response will be given to our request, please accept, Sir, the assurance of our highest consideration.
WE
- Noudoukou Djokoto 9 Tengueh Soglo
- Akakpo Akoété 10 Michel Agbossoumondé
- Logossou Laté 11 Jean Adandohoin
- Denis Allognon 12 Félicien Affidégno
- Felix Misso 13 Anani kpokanou
- Akakpo Aba Messan 14 Kahoho Yao
- Agbonou Kpomégbé 15 Attisso Komlan
- Abraham Assagbavi 16 Akakpo Avoudjisso
17 Houkpati guénoukpati
Certified copy
Sources and bibliography
Oral sources: list of key informants
| Full name | Approximate age | Social status | Date and place of interview |
| Togbui Odzima Kalipé | 60 years old | Chief township of Vogan | September 21, 2015 in Vogan |
| Kokoe Koffi | 69 years old | Notable | September 21, 2015 in Vogan |
| Kalipé Kowou | 59 years old | Secretary | September 21, 2015 in Vogan |
Sources of the Archives Nationales du Togo
Canton de Vogan, General Administration and Politics, Dossier n°5
ANT, cercle d'Aneho, 2APA47, Confidential note dated March 25, 1947
ANT, Aného circle, 2APA26
Kalipé family private archives
Photo 1: Paul Kalipé, traditional chief of Vogan (1898-1951).
Photo 2: Paul Kalipé and the Commandant de Cercle d'Aného.
Photo 3: Jacop Kalipé or Togbui Kalipé II.
Photo 4: Political prisoners at Vogan.
Bibliography
Cornevin, Robert. Le Togo des origines à nos jours, Paris: l'Académie des sciences d'outre-mer, 1988.
Gayibor, Nicoué Lodjou. Les Togolais face à la colonisation, Lomé: Presses de l'UB, 1994.
Kponton, Ginette Ayélé, " Réactions populaires au pouvoir colonial : Agbétiko, Vogan et Mango (1951) ", in GayiborNicoué Lodjou (dir), Les Togolais face à la colonisation, Collection ''Patrimoines'' n°3, Lomé : Presses de l'UB, 1994, pp 173-193.
Le Bris, Emile. Les marchés ruraux dans la circonscription de Vo, Paris: ORSTOM, 1984.
Pazzi, Robertto, Introduction à l'histoire de l'aire culturelle Ajatado, Lomé: INSE, 1979.
Marguerat, Yves, Le Togo en 1884 selon Hugo Zöller, Lomé, Editions Haho/Karthala, 1990.
Sénou, Azontowou, Les migrations éwé et occupation du pays ouatchi du XVIIIème siècle à la conquête coloniale, PhD thesis in History, Lomé, 2010.
Sossou, Amouzou Koffi. "Le commandement indigène dans le cercle d'Aného face à l'administration française (1920-1963)", in Gayibor Nicoué Lodjou, Le tricentenaire d'Aného et du pays guin, collection "Patrimoines"no11, Presses de l'UB, Lomé, 2001, pp 351-370.
How to cite this article:
MLA: Senou, Azontowou. "L'Histoire de la chefferie de Vogan, de Assigblé Adra (1890) à Jacob Kalipé (1982)." Uirtus 1.2. (December 2021): 582-600.
§ University of Lomé (Togo), [email protected]
[1 ] The reverse of the medal bore the noble profile of the Prince of Mecklenburg.
[2 ] Retrieved September 22, 2015, from Vogan.
[3] Regards français sur le Togo des années 1930, p.73.But over time, this canal became blocked by reeds and alluvium.
[4] ANT, cercle d'Aneho, 2APA47, confidential note dated March 25, 1947.
[5] ANT, Aného circle, 2APA26
[6 ] Retrieved September 22, 2015, from Vogan.
[7] Kalipé Senou Odzima or Kalipé IV, 60 years old, Chief of Vogan canton, interview on September 21, 2015.
[8 ] Retrieved September 22, 2015, from Vogan.
[9 ] Notable in Vogan, aged 69, interview on September 21, 2015.
[10 ] Retrieved September 22, 2015, from Vogan.
[11] Information provided by Togbui Kalipé IV